Jones, J. Reference article, Radiopaedia. URL of Article. On this page:. Quiz questions. Churchill Livingstone. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon 2. Last's anatomy, regional and applied. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon. Related articles: Anatomy: Thoracic. Promoted articles advertising. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2: lines of pleural reflection Figure 2: lines of pleural reflection.
Loading more images Close Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Illustrated anatomical parts with images from e-Anatomy and descriptions of anatomical structures. Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac.
A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the visceral pleura or pulmonary pleura. The rest of the membrane lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm, and is reflected over the structures occupying the middle of the thorax; this portion is termed the parietal pleura.
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Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory tract whose role it is to cushion the lungs and reduce any friction which may develop between the lungs, rib cage, and chest cavity.
The pleura consists of a two-layered membrane that covers each lung. The layers are separated by a small amount of viscous lubricant known as pleural fluid. There are a number of medical conditions that can affect the pleura, including pleural effusions, a collapsed lung, and cancer.
When excess fluid accumulates between the pleural membranes, various procedures may be used to either drain the fluid or eliminate the space between the membranes. There are two pleurae, one for each lung, and each pleura is a single membrane that folds back on itself to form two layers.
The space between the membranes called the pleural cavity is filled with a thin, lubricating liquid called pleural fluid. The visceral and parietal pleura join at the hilum, which also serves as the point of entry for the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves. The pleural cavity, also known as the intrapleural space, contains pleural fluid secreted by the mesothelial cells. The fluid allows the layers to glide over each other as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration.
The structure of the pleura is essential to respiration, providing the lungs with the lubrication and cushioning needed to inhale and exhale.
The intrapleural space contains roughly 4 cubic centimeters ccs to 5 ccs of pleural fluid which reduces friction whenever the lungs expand or contract. The pleura fluid itself has a slightly adhesive quality that helps draw the lungs outward during inhalation rather than slipping round in the chest cavity. In addition, pleural fluid creates surface tension that helps maintain the position of the lungs against the chest wall.
The pleurae also serve as a division between other organs in the body, preventing them from interfering with lung function and vice versa. Because the pleura is self-contained, it can help prevent the spread of infection to and from the lungs. A number of conditions can cause injury to the pleura or undermine its function. Harm to the membranes or overload of pleural fluid can affect how you breathe and lead to adverse respiratory symptoms.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleural membranes. It is most commonly caused by a viral infection but may also be the result of a bacterial infection or an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Pleuritic inflammation causes the membrane surfaces to become rough and sticky.
Rather than sliding over each other, they membranes stick together, triggering sharp, stabbing pain with every breath, sneeze, or cough. The pain can get worse when inhaling cold air or taking a deep breath. It can also worsen during movement or shifts in position. Other symptoms include fever, chills, and loss of appetite. A pleural effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space.
When this happens, breathing can be impaired, sometimes significantly.
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